Can we implement foreach on map in Salesforce?

Yes, you can iterate over values method.
Example:
Map<ID,Target__c> mapTargets = new Map<ID,Target__c>([ Select Id, Name From Target__c Where Account__c in:TargetAccountIDs]);
for(Target__c target : mapTargets.values()) {
System.debug('*************** Current Target: ' + target.Name);
}